BIRCH HARDWOOD IDENTIFICATION GUIDE

BIRCH HARDWOOD IDENTIFICATION GUIDE

An In-Depth Look at Birch's Characteristics, Color, Grain & More

BIRCH

OTHER COMMON NAMES

The wood most commonly labeled as “birch” is North American yellow birch. River birch and sweet birch are also often found being sold as birch. [1]

LATIN NAME

North American yellow birch’s Latin name is Betula alleghaniensis. River birch is Betula nigra and sweet birch is Betula lenta. [1]

CHARACTERISTICS - BIRCH

Birch heartwood is usually a light reddish brown, while the sapwood is almost white. [2]

MAIN USES - BIRCH

Birch’s durability and workability is well known, and it has been used for making furniture, cabinetry, and interior doors since colonial America. Today, it still remains one of the main furniture woods in the United States. Birch veneer is also very popular. Its toughness also makes it suitable for use in heavy-use wood products like tool handles. [2,3]

CABINETRY
FURNITURE
DOORS
 
 

MILLING PROPERTIES - BIRCH

Birch wood performs well when machining. All species of birch experience significant shrinkage during the drying process, and care must be taken when kiln drying to avoid warping and checking of birch lumber. [2,3]


HARDWOOD PROPERTIES - BIRCH

Birch has a straight grain pattern, and a fine texture. Woodworkers are quick to note that yellow birch sands and polishes very well, but staining and painting can cause blotches to appear if a penetrating sealer has not been applied first. Birch is often difficult to glue, so synthetic adhesives should be used rather than natural glues. Pre-drilling is recommended when nailing or screwing.

Janka Hardness Scale


ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE - BIRCH

Birch can be found growing over much of the continent of North America, but is most commonly found around the Great Lakes, New Hampshire and throughout New England. Birch trees notably prefer cooler regions with more rainfall. Its growing region extends south into the Appalachian Mountains into northern Georgia, and north into southern Ontario and Quebec.

Birch is known as a “pioneer species”, meaning they are one of the first species to colonize a newly-created environment, such as after a forest fire. The birch tree grows to a medium size, around 60-80 feet and 2-3 feet in diameter. [3,5]

Volume of live trees on forest land, 1000 m3

All data derives from Forest Inventory Data Online (FIDO), a component of the U.S. Forest Service Inventory and Analysis Program (FIA). Data was compiled by AHEC in January 2016 using the most recent state inventory available (2014 for most states). "Forest volume" refers to "net volume of live trees on forest land," as defined by FIA (see glossary). FIA forest volume data is available for 49 U.S. states (Hawaii and Washington D.C. are omitted) with total hardwood forest volume of 18.1 billion m3 of which 13.5 billion m3are commercially significant.


BIRCH PRODUCTS AT BAIRD BROTHERS

Baird Brothers Fine Hardwoods is happy to assist with any questions you have about our Birch products, which include a variety of birch rough lumber, birch plywood, and other items.

 

Please call 1-800-732-1697 or Contact Us if you need help with our extensive inventory.


COMPARISON TO OTHER WOOD SPECIES

Source: The Department of Agriculture's Wood Handbook

LumberSpecific GravityJanka HardnessModulus of Elasticity (MPa)Impact Bending (mm)Grain
African Mahogany --- 830 lb 9,700 --- Medium/Coarse
Alder 0.41 590 lb 9,500 510 Fine
Ash 0.6 1,320 lb 12,000 1,090 Fine
Basswood 0.37 410 lb 10,100 410 Fine
Beech 0.64 1,300 lb 11,900 1,040 Fine/Medium
Birch, Yellow 0.62 1,260 lb 13,900 1,400 Fine
Cedar, Western Red 0.32 350 lb 7,700 430 Fine
Cherry, Brazilian 0.91 2,350 lb 22,510 --- Medium
Cherry 0.5 950 lb 10,300 740 Fine
Cypress 0.51 510 lb 6,300 --- Medium
Douglas Fir 0.48 710 lb 12,300 660 Medium/Coarse
Hemlock 0.4 540 lb 8,300 530 Coarse
Hickory 0.66 1,820 lb 11,900 1,120 Medium
Maple, Hard 0.63 1,450 lb 12,600 990 Fine
Maple, Soft 0.47 700 lb 7,900 640 Fine
Oak, Red 0.63 1,290 lb 12,500 1,090 Coarse
Oak, White 0.68 1,360 lb 12,300 940 Coarse
Pine, Eastern White 0.35 380 lb 8,500 460 Medium
Pine, Ponderosa 0.4 460 lb 8,900 480 Medium
Pine, Yellow (Shortleaf) 0.51 690 lb 12,100 840 Fine/Medium
Poplar 0.42 540 lb 10,900 610 Medium
Sapele 0.67 1,410 lb 15,930 --- Fine
Teak 0.66 1,070 lb 10,700 --- Coarse
Walnut (Black) 0.55 1,010 lb 11,600 860 Medium

*Data is based on a moisture content of 12%.

GLOSSARY

Impact Bending — In the impact bending test, a hammer of given weight is dropped upon a beam from successively increased heights until rupture occurs or the beam deflects 152 mm (6 in.) or more. The height of the maximum drop, or the drop that causes failure, is a comparative value that represents the ability of wood to absorb s hocks that cause stresses beyond the proportional limit.

Janka Hardness — Defined as resistance to indentation using a modified Janka hardness test, measured by the load required to embed a 11.28-mm (0.444-in) ball to one-half its diameter. Values presented are the average of radial and tangential penetrations.

Modulus of Elasticity — Elasticity implies that deformations produced by low stress are completely recoverable after loads are removed. When loaded to higher stress levels, plastic deformation or failure occurs.

Specific Gravity - A measure of the ratio of a wood's density as compared to water. If a wood species had the same density as water, the specific gravity would be 1.00.


SOURCES

  1. “Birch: The North Country’s Alluring Blonde”. WoodMagazine.com. Accessed Aug. 2021.
  2. R. S. Boone. "Wood Species Guide". Furniture Design & Manufacturing. Dec. 1988. Accessed Jan. 2020.
  3. “American Yellow Birch”. American Hardwood Export Council. Americanhardwood.org. Accessed Aug. 2021.
  4. “What is the Strongest Wood: Maple, Birch, Poplar, or Ash?”. Hunker.com. Accessed Aug 2021
  5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula_alleghaniensis. Accessed Aug 2021.